![]() Unfortunately, the opportunities to perform otologic procedures in residency are decreasing and procedures are usually performed individually, making it difficult for trainees to learn in the operating room (OR). Procedures involving the temporal bone require knowledge of complex micro-anatomy, use of an operating microscope, and avoidance of devastating complications. One of the more challenging areas to gain proficiency in is temporal bone surgery. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery (OHNS) is a surgical specialty that requires comprehensive training in many complex surgical skills. This temporal bone virtual reality surgical simulation platform may enhance surgical training and be suitable for patient-specific surgical rehearsal for practicing Otolaryngologists. ConclusionĬardinalSim met acceptable criteria for face and content validity. Open-ended questions identified limitations of the simulator. The assessment scores, global rating scores, and overall attitudes towards CardinalSim, were universally positive. ![]() Significant differences between groups ( p-value of < 0.05) were found for one face validity domain (realistic ergonomics, p = 0.002) and two content validity domains (teaching drilling technique, p = 0.011 and overall teaching utility, p = 0.006). Face validity was achieved for 5 out of 7 domains, while content validity was achieved for 5 out of 6 domains. Sixty-two participants from thirteen different Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery programs were included in the study (32 practicing surgeons 30 resident trainees). Descriptive statistics were used to describe questionnaire results, and either Chi-square or Fishers exact tests were used to compare responses between junior residents, senior residents, and practising surgeons. A face and content validity questionnaire with questions categorized into 13 domains was distributed to participants following simulator use. Ethics approval and informed consent was obtained. Otolaryngologists and resident trainees from across Canada were recruited to evaluate CardinalSim. The objective of this study was to establish the face and content validity of CardinalSim through a national study. CardinalSim is a virtual reality temporal bone surgical simulator that offers a high-quality, inexpensive adjunct to traditional teaching methods. Virtual reality surgical training is a growing field that is increasingly being adopted in Otolaryngology. Traditional teaching has relied on the use of cadavers however, this method is resource-intensive and does not allow for repeated practice. Trainees in Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery must gain proficiency in a variety of challenging temporal bone surgical techniques.
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